Urine Drug Testing

If you took seriously her advocates, you would think that drug tests were determined exclusively for diagnosis, health reasons - - and not for the pursuit of drug consumers or daunting employee. Here nothing astonishing. Positive public perception is important, the drug Industrial Complex and her advertising agencies, even if it means doctoring the truth. Caught around the employees with let down trousers or skirts to, the manufacturer intention is academic. Who looks, why the damned thing was invented, if to fill you still the mug?

Uric Screening proof in the most raw form. Guilt before innocence, chemical hints, supervision - - all associations of the Reagan executors are curious to avoid. Diagnosis, on the other side, sounds therapeutically. Diagnosis, on the other side, sounds therapeutically. Pamphlets and announcements of trade to the late seventies years turned to the injury of the private sphere in an almost altruistic gesture, completely in the harmony with modern medical procedures." More than thirty tests EMIT are at the possession on a level of therapeutics to measure... How she uses to save heart illnesses, asthma, epilepsy, in order (doctors) by the adaptation of the dosages for medicament and one says an effective treatment help", in a typical pamphlet put by the division of the Syva Syntex, a manufacturer of high tech lab devices. In the end, pamphlets, in which do not receive all around the recognition of drug abuse, but always into language of the clinical diagnosis, supervision. This is synonymous with the statement an uric test feels well for you.

Testing of advisers, the Hundert-Dollar-an-Stunden-Typen, this corner has. The first one markets her services to rehabilitation medical centres as means to the backup, that to remain the patients free of drug. "The construction of the diagnosis of a chronic heroin dependence a consideration enclosed, from the anamnesis, a physical investigation and the results the uric test.... The earlier the problem is recognised, the easier it has turned back", recommends a study. No word was always of the test results are achieved as with other medical reasons are used, from police or employer.

How the drug strengthens phobia, test developer agreed more daringly. They took less trouble of the argument of the real use of the uric test, and, finally, left all pretext: "Immediate reliable discovery of drugs was never so easy", now boasts Syva. What means that within less minutes you whom the fire had know. Or bust. Or ship is necessary before a rehabilitation programme, or not.

The strategy paid off. To know the employers hungry, and the urine experts were more than ready to answer to the call of the nature. Almost overnight hundreds of chemical enterprises and laboratories in America blossomed, some with a little bit more than 2000-dollar machine, minimum wage pattern Handler and the yellow sides ad. A milliard dollar industry was born.

In contrast to the extravagant and violent history of the drug consumption of empires, the history is the uric test Hollywood hardly material. In spite of little bloodshed, however, there are also many struggles for power and politics. In the end, the action of the devastation points to state and private enterprises can arrange, if to work closely them.

Chemical proof is for a long time an essential component of the science. Scanned during the days of the Roman empire, doctors and oracles, it smelt and tasted to human by-products on the way to the diagnosis and Wahrsagerei. Leonardo Da Vinci one of many alchemists, the connections and removals was examined in hope, they stroll in gold. It was the human nature, around molecules torture, it makes confess her secrets of the creation. Bit by bit becomes the process it was standardised a little bit.

There we do not have to expect differently, the breakthroughs which came to modern biochemical Screening not from scientific curiosity, but military need. If the US government a disastrous new bomb in the forties, basic physics and chemistry wanted became important business. Identification, all methods of the zero position in the base component of the molecule - - the atom led to particle accelerators research money, spectral analysis, Gaschromatographie and ray protection. On the way scientist became good positively inquiry of specific molecules as components of mysterious chemical soup.

On the first being Department (how it was named honestly) it did not hold for the use of this new science to the person. During the Second World War lay the stress on destruction, non-recognition. Only one small group of doctors saw the potential, first for forensic uses and later diagnostic needs. But the device was expensive, the domain of specified hospitals and research establishments. Long time the technology lay quiescent.

Drug tests of healthy people came relatively late. In the sixties of America drug consumption became known to the "spare time". It began a counter-culture and originated as a social explosion. Conservative elements, Vietnam and maybe one generation, together in an attempt, the control "disturbs about the loss not acceptable social behaviour gebändert." An outgrowth was the Nationwide institutes of drug Abuse (NIDA), one in Washington money-devouring responsibly for the analysis - - clinical and social - - from the drug scene. NIDA was the institutional strength, which the widespread fear of the dependence in the public consciousness brought.

Paranoia seems linked inseparably with bureaucracy. The ministry of defence was afraid, the widespread use of heroin under the troops in Vietnam would take root in the USA if the "grunt" came home. Behaviour is patient ten thousand miles away it could not be simply admitted, to the same degree of latitude stateside. Something had to be done. The solution lay with the search for methods of the cancer precaution G sharp for heroin dependence. NIDA which wanted to develop nothing else than the possibility, a drug test found keen allies in the Pentagon. If NIDA to applied research money, the alliance of the frights of hordes of dependent on heroin - - swore bitterly, trains to kill, and, of course, black - - back to our peaceful shores like an epidemic. Red tape was cut and subsidies was guaranteed.

As usual the public knew some about this. The Pentagon minimises the high degree of the dependence between the homecomer, thus financing and research were removed from control, and were always run through.

The uric test is also very much a product of the human longevity as a technology. One of the pioneers of the branch, is Einstein von Urintests, Dr. Robert L. DuPont, Jr. In 1971 DuPont began seven years Steward-hip as the first leaders of the NIDA, and later than manager of the special programme Action Office for drug Abuse Prevention. Of right from, he started to raise a crusade against drug abuse to the uppermost step of the state doubts. In the middle of the seventies years, he stressed honestly drug clarification. NIDA even promoted research to the economic use of unlawful substances. With Carter as a president, the nation relaxed, even if carefully, position towards drugs developed. DuPont conformist, around this style also consultation with NORML, about the possibility decriminalization of marihuana. The Nation's really to drug problems, he said publicly, were alcohol and tobacco. Reports of the commission and studies of NIDA sponsored ten years ago would be much too liberal as well as radical after today's graduations.

But DuPont, in the heart conservatively, was the preparation of a clip down. While many states of the possession of marihuana became a decriminalization to improve NIDA quietly requested to well-chosen enterprises the methods of the recognition single drug consumption. Syntex had investigated biochemical tests by his Syva division already 1966 announcements, however, had lost the interest to the area, until the door opens state money to NIDA.

The first common success was the Immunoassay, a complicated test procedure under use of chemical binding agents for unlawful substances. "Work togeïù ã ù by the seventies years, NIDA and Syva develops nice small uric tests EMIT for heroin, cocaine, speed and PCP which are still used", said Dean Lattimer, a general in the war against the uric tests for High Times magazines. The Immunoassay Nida fulfils all demands: It offered delicacy also with very low concentrations of drugs, it was a procedure which can be easily provided and carried out, and it was relatively inexpensive. The bare fact that it not especially exactly did not seem somebody disturb. Roche Diagnostics develops a competitive, as faultily, canvas - - Abuscreen - - beside Syva.,

NIDA Role by the support of the Immunoassay became a famous and, finally, also a financial coup for DuPont. On the first one, like the test developer, he indicated that the procedures would be limited for medical uses. In his preface to an Urin-Testing guide in 1973, he wrote: "Urin-Screening for drugs has become a necessary supplement the treatment (addiction)." When it later became clear that Regan was about, Carter in the choice in 1980, Carter to administrative field forces hope trounce to the right postponedly survive. It was not healthy any more, with NORML lend. In the pass your urine drug test, diagnosis took in the background, around the possibility of the mass of supervision. FBI carried thin and narrow restrictions the results of the Watergate, CIA, DEA and other clarification activity were loosened. Once Open bottles with cocaine, enjoyed high respect in Washington, now became from the eyes are kept away. The atmosphere quickly changes.

DuPont, in spite of a basic anti-drug position was guilty by the connection with the trend towards the liberalisation. And at the time he could find no niche, in the new order. He seemed soft about drugs and resigned (speak: it was edged out) from NIDA. He quickly signed on the management of the American Council on Marijuana (ACM, later of the American Council on drug Education), a quasi-scientific scaremongering group.

If three presidents outlast DuPont survival instincts and a sensitive nose had developed for the varying political hoist. His "" zeal born again about the dangers of drugs again his hard liner image and the attention of the White House. The Reagans welcomed him back and asked him, the tests, that to animate again he in addition contributed. He would be able about drugs and the power too hard at the same time. What had once as a conflict of interests under the supply side Siders for good more efficient management.

DuPont hammeredly the connection between the government, private organisations and the industry. Mentality likes the quick growth of the check the combination of extensive funds, new technologies, and propaganda. Speculative arrangements Houses and Labs began and continuing education of employees and for the opening of the satellite arrangements, some before the uric test became available also in trade.

Ironically is the farthest widespread one of the unlawful drugs - - marihuana - - turned out as in least handy in the form of Immunoassay lusciousness. Without pot screen EMIT had like no chance, in the market as an alcohol tester that the alcohol could not recognise. The reason was clear: Marihuana, even if relatively good-naturedly, had millions of users. It was really the symbol of the counter-culture of the sixties and by the decriminalization movement wide support won dangerously. Alaska has the possession from up to four ounces of pot-juridical in the narrowness of own flat. Leaders shops became legal enterprises. Cheech and Chong "Topf" films were a big cash. But one of the hard core principles of the Nationwide party Line is that pot leads of too heavy and dangerous drugs. Therefore, also top finding drug abuse you suffocate in the germ. The proof of marihuana use became the main focus of the whole research. Today according to estimates ninety percent of all positive test results appearing become in full extent in the whole nation for marihuana are.

The researchers pursued the complicated metabolic way from cannabis with the enthusiasm of the small town dog catcher, but also indefinitely dollar could grant not accelerate, an exact check. Finally, a compromise was reached. Instead of the search for an Original-THC-Metaboliten - - the person responsible for the high - - a test would become for a better accessible, but chemical inert one. However, THC called carboxylic acid, these are not the high, remains in the body weeks after giving of the drug. The exactness would suffer from it, but tests on the available being of marihuana, but were old enough to give satisfaction to the developers.

This logic, that in parallel with the discovery of drugs during the thirties years, as an opiate test based not on the search opium, but so lighter recognised quinine, most often "cut" for heroin. Screening for THC carboxylic acid are the devices not in search of the chemicals, the work interferes with perf9ormance. How we change will still see, it is for Metaboliten of other substances, quite legally are wrong.

What has raised the scientific objections shouted down from the management. In 1980 excited public relations to employees with ACM and Syva proved the EMIT cannaboid test. Now of the bubble cops arms and dangerously. For the first time the power to brokers has reserved. And she smiled. Now the EMIT-Assays, conceived as a supplement of the medical practise, will become as ultimative snitch cycled.

What followed, rather like a circus than the functionality of the government seemed to be responsible. The ACM and NIDA, hand in hand, spreads of the Immunoassay as a final solution for the drug Menace, was recommended as a boss Bedrohung for the "traditional social values. This symbiotic respect between the uric test and the boss allows to nourish a social evil to itself of the other. In a reasonable time, all that would have been have laughed as a pseudoscience. After Dr. Oscar Janiger, Los Angeles of a known psychiatrist who has worked with drugs and addiction, more than fifty years ", No. of respectable scientists with the uric test as something else than quackery."

Give the 3 Martini lunches. Luxurious banquet5s and conventions are instrumental in the sales of EMIT, in the potential buyer always addicted. Chemical cheerleaders Wined and PTA groups, Gefängnis-Boards, enterprises fed executives, Reha advisers, and of course the military. Only a few were able, the scientific bases involves question. Conferences took the taste of pep rallies. Can do, Gung Ho, AND see A. all the way! A light on the darkest bad scourge voices had been found.